Basics · Lesson 12 of 12 · 2 min read

How to Start a Chess Game: 3 Opening Principles

By · Updated 14 November 2026

You do not need to memorise openings to start a game well. Three principles cover most good opening play: control the centre, develop your knights and bishops, and castle early to keep your king safe.

Try it in 3D

1. Control the centre

The four central squares, d4, e4, d5 and e5, are the most important on the board. Pieces in the centre reach more squares and can switch quickly between sides. Opening with a central pawn move such as 1.e4 or 1.d4 stakes a claim to them.

2. Develop your pieces

Bring your knights and bishops off the back rank towards the centre, ideally each one once. Knights usually go to f3 and c3 (f6 and c6 for Black). Avoid moving the same piece twice and avoid early queen adventures, which only give your opponent targets to attack.

3. Castle early

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After 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5, White can castle.

Once the pieces between your king and rook have moved, castle. Your king is safer behind a row of pawns, and your rook moves towards the centre where it can join the game.

The sequence 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.O-O, part of the Italian Game, follows all three principles: central pawns, two pieces developed each, and an early castle.

Interactive lesson

Practise your first moves on a 3D board

Pawnorama walks you through this lesson step by step. You make every move yourself, with hints when you need them. Free, no account needed.

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Common questions

What is the best first move in chess?

1.e4 and 1.d4 are the most popular because they claim the centre and free the bishop and queen. Any move that follows the principles is a fine start.

Should beginners memorise openings?

Not yet. Following the principles and avoiding blunders matters far more than memorised move orders.